Maternal undernutrition during lactation leads to reduction in skull size and thickness of adult-aged Wistar rats.

INTRODUCTION: It is known that the quality and quantity of milk is directly related to the dietary habits of the mother. Despite that, the rates of maternal malnutrition during lactation are increasing in several countries; thus, observing its effects on the offspring is relevant. The present study aims to verify the effects of maternal malnutrition during breastfeeding on the skulls of adult-aged Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six newborn rats were divided in three groups: the control group, in which the mother received a regular commercial diet containing 23% protein in unlimited amounts; the protein-energy restriction group, in which the dam received a commercial diet containing 8% protein in unlimited amounts; the energy restricted group, in which the dam received a commercial diet containing 23% of protein in limited amounts. After weaning, all rats received the same diet as the control group until 180 days of age. Then, the rats were euthanized, and their crania were excised and measured in radiographic images. Afterwards, their skull was decalcified with nitric acid (5%) and histological samples were obtained and the thickness of the diploe was verified. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test were performed for comparison purposes. RESULTS: It was observed that the skull from the protein-energy restriction and energy-restriction groups was smaller and thinner than that of the control group in several parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period caused long-term effects in skull morphology of Wistar rats. These effects could not be reversed after regulation of the diet.

Three-dimensional organization of the pars fibroreticularis framework of the urethral wall in normal human prostates.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the prostatic portion of the urethra is essential to the comprehension of urinary continence phenomena. However, there are only a small number of studies that have addressed this relationship and analyzed the ultrastructure of the prostatic urethra. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A three-dimensional analysis of the fibrous components and the extracellular matrix of the prostatic urethra in 10 normal humans was performed with a scanning electron microscope. The prostates were obtained from 10 men (18 to 30 years old) who had died from accidents. The specimens were fixated in a modified Karnovsky solution for 48 h at 4°C, washed in a sodium phosphate buffered solution (PBS) for 2 h at 4°C and then incubated in 40 ml of 2 M NaOH at room temperature for 8 days (cellular digestion). Afterwards, the three-dimensional organization of the prostatic urethra stroma was observed. RESULTS: It was observed that the prostates had a narrowed fibrous septa which condensed and formed a network in order to support the submucosa. Furthermore, it was also observed that they formed a homogeneous fibrous layer (pars fibroreticularis), which lined the urethral wall. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the urethra composition is essential to understand the physiopathological aspects of urinary incontinence. Moreover, our results showed a great amount of connective tissue underlying the prostatic urethra wall.

Tannic Acid Solution: A Better Fixative Solution Than Formalin for Elastin and Collagen-Toxic and Morphological Assessment.

Formaldehyde is commonly used worldwide, even though it is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This has motivated intensive investigations of formaldehyde substitutes, and recently, some alternative solutions were found, which can potentially replace it. Previous research showed that tannic acid (TA) in glutaraldehyde solution has the ability to stabilize elastin and collagen. This provided a basis for the development of a new alcoholic fixative solution, particularly aimed at extracellular matrix components, with TA as a main component. Heart, brain, and intestinal samples were fixed by immersion in 10% regular formalin solution (RFS), 70% ethanol solution (ES), and tannic acid ethanolic solution (TAES). Next, tissue fragments were prepared for routine histology procedures. The toxicity of TA was analyzed using in silico tests for mutagenicity, as well as for cutaneous and respiratory toxicity. Analyses of photomicrographs demonstrated that all fixative solutions have the ability to preserve the fragments. The quantitative analyses showed that capability of TAES to preserve and stabilize elastin and collagen is superior to that of RFS and ES. We demonstrated that TA is not mutagenic, and it is less toxic for skin and respiratory tract. We therefore conclude that TAES can potentially represent a powerful and feasible alternative solution for fixing extracellular matrix of microscopic examination samples. Anat Rec, 301:1544-1550, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Orthopedic implications of the corona mortis: a case report / Implicaciones ortopédicas de la corona mortis: reporte de un caso

SUMMARY: Corona mortis is classified as a connection between the inferior epigastric and obturator vessels over the superior pubic ramus. Its incidence varies among different studies. The corona mortis is an extremely important anatomical variation as it can be injured in a great number of procedures. Moreover, it can also be injured during pelvic or acetabular fractures. A male cadaver fixed in a 10 % formalin solution had its pelvic region dissected and an arterial corona mortis was observed on its right side. The left hemipelvis presented no variations whatsoever. This vessel was measured with the aid of a digital caliper. We aim to report this variation and address - from an orthopedic point of view - the clinical and surgical significance of the corona mortis.

RESUMEN: La corona mortis es clasificada como una conexión entre los vasos epigástricos inferiores y obturadores sobre la rama superior del pubis. Su incidencia varía según los diferentes estudios. La corona mortis es una variación anatómica extremadamente importante, ya que se es posible dañarla en un número significativo de procedimientos. Además, también puede resultar lesionada durante las fracturas pélvicas o acetabulares. Durante la disección de un cadáver de sexo masculino fijado en solución de formalina al 10 %, se observó la corona mortis arterial en el lado derecho de la región pélvica. El lado izquierdo de la pelvis no presentó ninguna variación. Se midió la corona mortis con ayuda de un calibre digital. Nuestro objetivo fue informar sobre esta variación y abordar - desde el punto de vista ortopédico - la importancia clínica y quirúrgica de la corona mortis.

Anatomical variation of sciatic nerve: a case report of high division and unusual anastomosis with the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve is a sensitive nerve that rises from S1-S3, usually giving off cutaneous branches for the gluteal region, perineum, the posterior region of the thigh and leg. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body, rising from L4-S3, and divides into the tibial and common fibular nerves, innervating the muscles from the posterior compartment of the thigh. Anastomosis between the sciatic nerve and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve is rare. During dissection of the right gluteal region on a male cadaver fixed with 10% formalin, we observed an anastomosis between both nerves, while the common fibular nerve perforated the piriformis muscle, dividing it in two muscle slips. Both nerves trajectories were within the regular pattern after this communication. Our aims were to describe this unusual case of anastomosis and perform a literature review on the variations of the sciatic nerve, while also discussing their clinical significance

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Giant Leiomyosarcoma of the Urinary Bladder.

The bladder leiomyosarcoma is a rare and agressive mesenchymal tumour, and adult women of reproductive age have a higher incidence of developing the bladder leiomyosarcoma. The pathophysiology of the disease is not certain, and its main symptoms are hematuria, dysuria and abdominal pain. There are not a considerable amount of cases described in the literature. We report a case of a giant leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a 31-year-old woman.

De Garengeot's hernia in an 82-year-old man: a case report and clinical significance.

The presence of the appendix within a femoral hernia (FH) sac is known as Garengeot's hernia (GH). We report on current study a rare case of an elderly man with a combined inguinal and Garengeot's hernia and discuss the clinical aspects. An 82-year-old man clinically stable, presented history of pain at the right inguinal region for over a week, without vomit, nausea, fever or any alteration of intestinal or urinary eliminations. Clinical examination revealed a FH and the ultrasonography confirmed the hernia sac. During the surgery, the appendix was recognized within the sac, and then, the patient underwent appendectomy and hernia repair. In conclusion, the presence of the vermiform appendix in a FH sac is rare, thus, requiring knowledge of the surgeon regarding this clinical entity. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment is the key to avoid complications.

Psoas muscle abscess simulating acute appendicits: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Psoas abscess is a rare clinical entity with vague symptomatology. We report a psoas abscess that simulated symptoms of acute appendicitis. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A twenty-five year old male presented pain irradiating to the right iliac fossa and lumbar region associated with thigh flexion. Laboratorial exams revealed leukocytosis with a neutrophil shift to the left. Abdominal Ultrasound showed significant intestinal distension and a small quantity of free fluid at the right iliac fossa. Laparotomy and an appendectomy were performed. During immediate post-operative, the patient evolved with worsening of the pain and the leukocytosis, therefore, we chose to maintain his antalgic posture. An abdominal Computerized Tomography scan with contrast was solicited, revealing an increase of the iliac and psoas muscles of the right side, and multiple bacterial focuses. A retroperitoneal access was performed and 300ml of purulent secretion was drained. Afterwards, we implanted a Penrose Drain. The patient had a good post-op evolution, being discharged 7days after the drainage. DISCUSSION: The psoas muscle is a flexor of the thigh. Psoas abscess is an underdiagnosed condition, its main treatment is surgery associated with antibiotic therapy. CT scan seems to be the best choice of diagnostic image exam, although some authors prefer the nuclear magnetic resonance. CONCLUSION: The psoas muscle abscess is uncommon and poorly characterized in its etiology, clinical associations, and its therapeutic approach. On the other hand, acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency, with a 7% death rate, and surgery is its main treatment.

Maternal malnutrition diet during lactation period leads to incomplete catch-up growth in femur of the pups at adulthood / Restricción alimentaria materna durante la lactancia conduce a la recuperación del crecimiento incompleto en el fémur de las crías en la edad adulta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation, analyzing on morphological dimensions whether there was catch-up growth through normative nutrition restored, as well as on mechanical axis of femur of the offspring at adulthood. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) control group (C) - free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 % protein, 2) protein-energy restricted group (PER) - free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8 % protein, and 3) energy-restricted group (ER) ­ fed with restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. At weaning, all pups were separated of dams and received free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 % protein until 180 days, when the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The dimensions of excised pup femur were measured directly using pre-established anatomical points. Morphometric analysis of the femur (macroscopic) showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PER groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PER group and several structural abnormalities. Our results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation leads to an incomplete catch-up growth in adulthood. The femur showed significant reduction in most of the parameters in the two treated groups, particularly the PER group, when compared to the control group.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la restricción de la proteína materna y de energía durante la lactancia, y analizar las dimensiones morfológicas si hubo recuperación del crecimiento a través de la nutrición normativa restaurada, así como en el eje mecánico del fémur de la descendencia en la edad adulta. En el parto, las crías de ratas Wistar fueron agrupadas aleatoriamente en los siguientes grupos: 1) control (C) - con acceso libre a una dieta estándar del laboratorio, que contenía 23 % de proteínas; 2) con restricción de proteínas y energía (PER) - acceso libre a una dieta isoenergética, con restricción de proteínas, conteniendo un 8 % de éstas y 3) grupo con restricción de energía, alimentado con restricción en la cantidad de alimento de la dieta estándar del laboratorio (ER). Al destete, todas las crías fueron separadas y recibieron las dietas establecidas hasta los 180 días (d180), luego fueron anestesiadas y sacrificadas. Las mediciones de los fémures de las crías de rata fueron obtenidas por puntos anatómicos preestablecidos. El análisis morfométrico de fémur demostró que la mayoría de las mediciones en los grupos ER y PER eran significativamente menores que las del grupo control, con mayores reducciones en el grupo PER. Nuestros resultados muestran que las restricciones de energía y proteínas durante la lactancia conducen a una recuperación del crecimiento incompleto en la edad adulta. El fémur mostró una reducción significativa en la mayoría de los parámetros en los dos grupos tratados, en particular el grupo de PER, en comparación con el grupo control.

Leptin, its receptor and aromatase expression in deep infiltrating endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the leptin levels in the serum and peritoneal fluid (PF) and the protein expression in three different peritoneal ectopic implants in patients who underwent surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis. METHODS: All patients had been treated at the Department of Gynecology of the Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro. The study group consisted of 15 patients who underwent surgery for adnexal masses and infertility, while the control group consisted of ten women who underwent surgery for tubal ligation. Peritoneal fluid and samples tissues were collected during surgery. Serum samples were obtained before anesthesia. In this study, the leptin levels in the serum and peritoneal fluid (PF) were evaluated by ELISA. The protein expression of leptin and its receptors (ObR) and aromatase enzyme were evaluated by Western blot analysis of the intestine, uterosacral ligament and vaginal septum in the ectopic implants. The t-test and one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sìdak post-test were used, and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the serum leptin levels (control = 14.7 ng/mL ± 2.63, endometriosis = 19.2 ng/mL ± 1.84, p < 0.0001) were increased, while in PF, there was no difference (control = 6.68 ng/mL ± 0.43, endometriosis = 7.71 ng/mL ± 0.59, p = 0.18). Comparing women with and without ovarian implants, the leptin levels in both the serum and PF were significantly higher in women without ovarian implants (serum: with ovarian implant = 15.85 ± 1.99; without ovarian implant = 23.14 ± 2.60; ng/mL, p = 0.04; PF: with ovarian implant = 4.28 ± 1.30; without ovarian implant = 11.18 ± 2.98;ng/mL, p = 0.048). The leptin, ObR and aromatase protein expression levels were increased in lesions in the vaginal septum and were decreased in the intestine lesions. CONCLUSION: This study reports several interesting associations between the leptin levels in serum, peritoneal fluid, and tissue samples and the localization of the ectopic endometrium. Although this study does not provide a clear picture of the role of leptin in the development and progression of peritoneal implants, it contributed new data that might be useful to elucidating the enigma that is the role of leptin in endometriosis disease.

Stereological evaluation of fibronectin in the periurethral region of the transitional zone from normal human prostates compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The aim of this study was to assess the volumetric density (Vv) of the fibronectin in the periurethral region of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and compare with a control group. Prostatic periurethral tissue samples were obtained from ten patients (age range 65 to 79 years, mean 66) with clinical symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction who had undergone open prostatectomy. The control group samples (periurethral tissue samples from the transitional zone) were collected from prostates obtained during autopsy of accidental death adults of less than 25 years. The volumetric density (Vv) of the fibronectin was determined with stereological methods from 25 random fields per sample using the point-count method with an M-42 grid test system. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests. The Vv in the control and BPH groups was 21.9% ± 1.5% and 29.1% ± 1.2% in the fibronectin, respectively. BPH tissues presented a significant increase of fibronectin in prostatic periurethral region in the transitional zone that may cause lengthening of the prostatic urethra.

Frequency of sternal foramen evaluated by MDCT: a minor variation of great relevance.

Due to inadvertent cardiac or great vessel injury, sternal foramina may pose as a great hazard during sternal puncture. They can also be misinterpreted as osteolytic lesions in cross-sectional imaging of the sternum. The distribution of these variations differs between populations, but data from Brazilians are scarcely reported. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the frequency of midline sternal foramen and double-ended xiphoid process, as developmental variations, in order to avoid fatal complications following sternal puncture of sternal acupuncture treatment. A total of 114 chest computed tomograms were evaluated. The frequency of midline sternal foramen in a complication risk bearing feature is of approximately 10.5%. The double-ended xiphoid process was present in 17.5%. We conclude that sternal acupuncture should be planned in the region of corpus-previous CT should be done to rule out this variation. Furthermore, we strongly recommend the acupuncture technique which prescribes a safe superficial-oblique approach to the sternum.

Pharyngoesophageal Obstruction on the Killian-Laimer Triangle by Zenker's Diverticulum: Case Report and Clinical Significance.

Zenker's diverticulum is a form of esophageal and pharyngeal obstruction located at the Killian-Laimer triangle. It is relatively common in elderly man (seventh or eighth decade of life), and its pathophysiology is not completely understood, albeit theories regarding dysfunction of the upper esophageal sphincter were reported. The main symptoms are dysphagia and odynophagia, but it can complicate to aspiration and perforation of the pharyngeal pouch; also, it can be asymptomatic. Diagnosis is provided through a barium esophagogram. Treatment can be performed through endoscopic surgery, diverticulopexy and myotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle, although there is no consensus among surgeons regarding the treatment of choice. We report a case of pharyngeal obstruction due to Zenker's diverticulum which caused massive weight loss in a 76-year-old male.

Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731): life and lessons from a memorable anatomist

Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) was a Dutch surgeon, anatomist, and artist. His medical career followed a sucessful course, resulting in many awards and prizes. Advancements in his career afforded him a variety of privileges, including access to cadavers, on which he could perform dissections. During the 17th and early 18th century he made several discoveries and descriptions of human anatomy, physiology and pathology, in the different systems of the human body. He also developed an impressive fixative solution, enabling him to give a "life aspect" to the cadaveric pieces which he prepared. Finally, Ruysch could present his preparations in an artistic way, paying attention to details in order to create not only an image of a well-preserved cadaver, but a whole contextualized message, which could impress the people of his time and is still impressing people at the present. Professor Frederik Ruysch and his exhibitions were a revolutionary during his lifetime, presenting new discoveries in different fields, creating a new fixative solution and adding the artistic component into the anatomical science

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Significant decrease of extracellular matrix in prostatic urethra of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) nodules increase urethral resistance, resulting in "pressure" of tissue expansion to the urethra and leads to an increase in outflow resistance, accompanied by characteristic lengthening of the prostatic urethra. The goal of this investigation was to analyze and quantify changes of the histological components in the prostatic urethra of patients with BPH and compare with a control group. METHODS: Prostatic urethra tissue samples were obtained from ten patients (age range 63 to 79 years, mean 66) with clinical symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction who had undergone open prostatectomy. The ten control group samples (urethral tissue samples from the transitional zone) were collected from prostates obtained during autopsy of accidental death adults of less than 25 years. The Volumetric density (Vv) of the histological components was determined with stereological methods from 25 random fields per sample using the point-count method with a M-42 grid test system. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The Vv (mean±SD) in the control and BPH groups respectively were: 20.3±0.3 and 17.12±1.1 in the elastic fiber system (p<0.007); and 29.7±1.9 and 25.1±2.4 in the collagen compartment (p<0.03). Smooth muscle cell volume was increased in BPH cases, 49.9±0.4 and 52.3±2.3 (not statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS: BPH nodules caused a significant decrease of elastic system fibers and collagen in prostatic urethra.

Bilateral absence of superior gemellus muscle in elderly cadaver / Ausencia bilateral del músculo gemelo superior en un cadáver anciano

The superior gemellus muscle (SGM) normally arises from the outer surface of the spine of the ischium, blends with the upper part of the tendon of the obturator internus, and is inserted with it into the medial surface of the greater trochanter. In this paper, we describe an anatomical variation in which the SGM is absent bilaterally. Therefore, as there are not many cases in literature, our attention has been drawn to the importance about absence of SGM, in order to improve anatomical and clinical knowledge about this finding.

El músculo gemelo superior (SGM) que se origina de la superficie externa de la parte posterior del isquion, se une a la parte superior del tendón del músculo obturador interno, y se introduce con él en la superficie medial del trocánter mayor. En este trabajo se describe una variación anatómica en la que el SGM está ausente bilateralmente. Debido a la escaza descripción de esta variación, es relevante conocer la ausencia de la SGM, con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento anatómico y clínico de este hallazgo.

High prevalence of sternal foramen: quantitative, anatomical analysis and its clinical implications in acupuncture practice / Alta prevalencia del foramen esternal: análisis cuantitativo y anatómico y sus implicancias clínicas en la práctica de la acupuntura

The aim of our study was to verify the prevalence of the sternal foramen in adult cadavers and dry bones, as well as to determine its exact localization and relation to acupuncture points. One hundred eighty sternums fixed and contained in 10 percent formaldehyde solution were examined, of which 100 were dry bones and 80 belonged to adult cadavers. The morphometric measures were expressed in millimeters when measuring the length: 1) from jugular incision to the foramen (JI-F); 2) from sternal angle to the foramen (EA-F); 3) from xiphoid process to the foramen (XP-F). Statistical analysis was performed to compare expected vs obtained foramina frequency, using Fisher's test (p0.05 was considered significant). The results showed 16.6 percent sternal foramina, significant higher than expected (p0.0248). Of the 30 foramina, 53.3 percent were found in cadavers, of which one was a woman, and 46.7 percent sternums were found in dry bones. Of the cadavers with sternal foramen, 10 foramina were at the 5th sternochondral articulation level and 6 foramina at the 4th sternochondral level. Of the 14 analyzed dry bones, 9 foramina were at the space between the 4th and the 5th costal pit level and 5 foramina were at the 5th costal pit level. The mean±SD (mm) total length of the sternums was 151.8+/-34 and the measures JI-F, EA-F, and XP-F were, respectively, 103.8+/-22.1mm, 65.6+/-15mm and 46.9 +/-15mm. Knowledge of this occurrence is important to avoid serious heart injury by needle insertion, especially as this area holds a commonly used acupuncture point and sternal puncture...

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la prevalencia del foramen esternal en cadáveres adultos y huesos secos, así como, determinar su localización y su relación con los puntos de acupuntura. Fueron examinados 180 esternones fijados en solución de formol al 10 por ciento, 100 eran huesos secos y 80 pertenecían a cadáveres de individuos adultos. Las medidas morfométricas se expresaron en milímetros, efectuándose las siguientes mediciones: 1) desde la incisura yugular al foramen; 2) desde el ángulo esternal al foramen y 3) desde el proceso xifoides hasta al foramen. El análisis estadístico permitió comparar la frecuencia de los forámenes, usando el test de Fisher (p 0,05 ). Los resultados mostraron la presencia del foramen esternal en 16,6 por ciento de los casos, siendo significativamente mayor a lo esperado (p 0,0248). De los 30 forámenes, el 53,3 por ciento se encontró en cadáveres y en el 46,7 por ciento en los huesos secos. De los cadáveres con foramen esternal, 10 forámenes se encontraban a nivel de la 5 articulación esternocondral y 6 a nivel de la 4 articulación esternocondral. De los 14 forámenes de los huesos secos, 9 forámenes se encontraban entre entre el 4 y el 5 espacio intercostal y 5 se localizaban a nivel del 5 articulación. La longitud total del esternón fue 151,8 mm +/- 34 y las medidas desde la incisura yugular al foramen, desde el ángulo esternal al foramen y desde el proceso xifoides hasta al foramen fueron, 103,8 +/- 22,1 mm, 65,6 +/- 15 mm y 46,9 +/- 15 mm, respectivamente. El conocimiento de este hecho es importante para evitar la lesión cardiaca grave por la inserción de agujas, ya que esta zona tiene un punto de acupuntura de uso común en la punción esternal...

High concentration of reticular fibers in periurethral region of the prostatic urethra from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia as revealed by stereology / Alta concentración de fibras reticulares en la región periuretral de la uretra prostática de pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna revelada por estereología

The goal of this investigation was to analyze and quantify changes of the reticular fibers in the prostatic urethra of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and compare with a control group. Prostatic urethra tissue samples were obtained from ten patients (age range 65 to 79 years, mean 66) with clinical symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction who had undergone open prostatectomy. The ten control group samples (urethral tissue samples from the transitional zone) were collected from prostates obtained during autopsy of accidental death adults of less than 25 years. The Vv of the reticular fibers was determined with stereologic methods from 25 random fields per sample using the point-count method with a M-42 grid test system. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests. The Vv (mean+/-SD) in the control and BPH groups respectively were: 23.4+/- 1.8 and 30.3 +/- 1.2 (0.001). BPH cause significant increase of reticular fibers in prostatic urethra...

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar y cuantificar los cambios de las fibras reticulares en la uretra prostática de pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) y compararlo con un grupo control. Muestras de tejido de uretra prostática se obtuvieron de diez pacientes (rango de edad 65 a 79 años, media 66) con síntomas clínicos de obstrucción del tracto urinario inferior que se habían sometido a prostatectomía abierta. Las diez muestras del grupo de control (muestras uretrales de tejido de la zona de transición) se obtuvieron de próstatas durante la autopsia de sujetos adultos con muerte accidental menores de 25 años. El Vv de las fibras reticulares se determinó con métodos estereológicos de 25 campos al azar por muestra utilizando el método de valor de conteo con el sistema M-42. Los datos cuantitativos se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Mann-Whitney U. El Vv (media +/- DE) en el grupo control y BPH, respectivamente, fueron: 23,4 +/- 1,8 y 30,3 +/- 1,2 (0,001). La BPH causó aumento significativo de fibras reticulares en uretra prostática...

Entrapment of the sural nerve on gastrocnemius muscle: histological analysis / Compresión del nervio sural en el músculo gastrocnemio: análisis histológico

Anatomical variations in the formation of the sural nerve are common, although the topographical localization of this nerve is constant. In this report, we describe the histological analysis of anomalous course of the medial sural cutaneous nerve which descended through the gastrocnemius via a tunnel formed within the muscle and fascia. This anatomical curiosity are clinically important when evaluating sensory axonal loss in distal axonal neuropathies since sural nerve mononeuropathy is less likely to occur.

Las variaciones anatómicas en la formación del nervio sural son comunes, aunque la localización topográfica de este nervio es constante. En este reporte se describe el análisis histológico del nervio cutáneo sural medial de curso anómalo, que descendió a través de los músculos gastrognemios en un túnel formado en el músculo y la fascia. Esta curiosidad anatómica es de importancia clínica cuando se evalúa la pérdida sensitiva distal en neuropatías axonales, desde mononeuropatía del nervio sural a otras de menor frecuencia.

Maternal Food Restriction During Lactation Reduces Mandible Growth of the Female Offspring in Adulthood: Experimental and Morphometric Analysis / Restricción Alimentaria Materna Durante la Lactancia Reduce el Crecimiento de la Mandíbula de las Crías Hembras en la Edad Adulta: Análisis Experimental y Morfométrico

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation on mandible dimensions of pups (female) at aging. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) control group (C) - free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 percent protein, 2) protein-energy restricted group (PER) - free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8 percent protein, and 3) energy-restricted group (ER) ­ fed with restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. At weaning (d21), all pups were separated of dams and received free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 percent protein until 90 days (d90), when the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The dimensions of excised pup mandible were measured directly using pre-established 3 anatomical points. Morphometric analysis showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PER groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PER group. These results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation have an important influence on pup mandible development and continue through the aging process.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la restricción de la proteína materna y de la energía durante la lactancia sobre las dimensiones de la mandíbula de crías (hembras) durante la vida. En el parto, las crías de ratas Wistar fueron agrupadas aleatoriamente en los siguientes grupos: 1) control (C) - con acceso libre a una dieta estándar del laboratorio, que contenía 23 por ciento de proteínas; 2) con restriccion de proteínas y energía (PER) - acceso libre a una dieta isoenergética, con restricción de proteínas, conteniendo un 8 por ciento de éstas y 3) grupo con restricción de energía, alimentado con restricción en la cantidad de alimento de la dieta estándar del laboratorio (ER). Al destete, todas las crías fueron separadas y recibieron las dietas establecidas hasta los 90 días (d90), luego fueron anestesiadas y sacrificadas. Las mediciones de las mandíbulas de las crías de rata fueron obtenidas por 3 puntos anatómicos preestablecidos. El análisis morfométrico de la mandíbula demostró que la mayoría de las mediciones en los grupos ER y PER eran significativamente menores que las del grupo control, con mayores reducciones en el grupo PER. Estos resultados muestran que las restricciones de energía y proteínas durante la lactancia tienen una influencia importante en el desarrollo de la mandíbula de las crías, las que se mantuvieron con el paso del tiempo.